Increased Ld is required for bundled bars: in 3-bar bundles, 20% in 4-bar bundles, 33%. The tension development length of an uncoated bar or wire in normal weight concrete is expressed as a function of yield strength of the bar ƒy the square Tension development length, Ld, is the length of deformed bar or deformed wire required to develop, or to transfer to the concrete, the full tensile capacity of the bar or wire. Negative-moment reinforcement should have sufficient distance between the face of the support and the end of each bar to develop its full yield strength.Ī minimum of one-third of the required negative-moment reinforcement at the face of the support should extend beyond the point of inflection the greatest of d, 12db, or one-sixteenth of the clear span. Negative-moment reinforcement in continuous, restrained, or cantilever members should be developed in or through the supporting member. (9.53) for reinforcing bars that terminate beyond the center of simple supports with a standard hook, or terminate with a mechanical anchorage equivalent to a standard hook.ĭevelopment for Negative-Moment Reinforcement ![]() The value of Mn /Vu can be increased by 30% when the ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction. Positive-moment tension reinforcement at simple supports and at points of inflection should be limited to a diameter such that the development length, in computed for ƒy with Eqs. Reinforcement should not be terminated in a tension zone unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:ĭevelopment for Positive-Moment ReinforcementĪ minimum of one-third the required positive-moment reinforcement for simple beams should extend along the same face of the member into the support, and in beams, for a distance of not less than 6 in.Ī minimum of one-fourth the required positive-moment reinforcement for continuous members should extend along the same face of the member into the support, and in beams, for a distance of at least 6 in.įor lateral-load-resisting members, the positive-moment reinforcement to be extended into the support in accordance with the preceding two requirements should be able to develop between the face of the support and the end of the bars the yield strength ƒy of the bars. This requirement, however, does not apply at supports of simple spans and at the free end of cantilevers.Ĭontinuing reinforcement should extend at least the development length Ld beyond the point where terminated or bent reinforcement is no longer required to resist tension. Reinforcement should extend a distance of d of 12db, whichever is larger, beyond the point where the steel is no longer required to resist tensile stress, where d is the effective depth of the member and db is the nominal diameter of the reinforcement. Development for All Flexural Reinforcement In addition, these requirements help minimize any loss of shear capacity or ductility resulting from flexural cracks that tend to open early whenever reinforcement is terminated in a tension zone. The following requirements of the ACI 318 Building Code for the development of reinforcement were proposed to help provide for shifts in the location of maximum moment and for peak stresses that exist in regions of tension in the remaining bars wherever adjacent bars are cut off or bent. The critical sections for development of reinforcement in flexural members are located at the points of maximum stress and where the reinforcement terminates or is bent. ![]() Hooks can be used to assist in the development of tension bars only. The calculated tension or compression force in each reinforcing bar at any section must be developed on each side of that section by a development length Ld, or by end anchorage, or both. The ACI 318 Building Code requirements therefore reflect the significance of average bond resistance over a length of bar or wire sufficient to develop its strength (development length). Despite assumptions made in the past to the contrary, bond stress between concrete and reinforcing bars is not uniform over a given length, not directly related to the perimeter of the bars, not equal in tension and compression, and may be affected by lateral confinement. Steel reinforcement must be bonded to the concrete sufficiently so that the steel will yield before it is freed from the concrete. Development, Anchorage, and Splices of Reinforcement
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![]() Click Microsoft Office 365 or Office 2016, and then click Change.Click Start, and then click Control Panel.Click or tap QuickRepair, and then click or tap Repair. You may have to restart your computer after the repair process is complete.Click or tap Microsoft Office 365 or Office 2016, and then click or tap Change.Under Programs, click or tap Uninstall a program.On the Windows Start screen, type Control Panel.In the Windows 10, Windows 8.1 and Windows 8: Please note that Online repair usually takes longer than Quick Repair. Quick Repair usually take 5 to 15 minuets. Sometimes there is corruption in Office programs which can by fix by doing Quick Repair or Online Repair. If nothing else work then the last resort is to repair your Office Programs. If you never repaired the Outlook data files then you can see more instructions in Microsoft Support article: Repair Outlook Data Files (.pst and. This process can take from 10-60 minutes depending on your mailbox size. Outlook should start to configure a new data file. ost file by right clicking on the file and selecting Rename the file to ost.old. ost Exchange mail account repair, you go to Control Panel > Mail > In the Mail Setup window, click on Data File, then click on the data file that is set to default then click on Open Folder, Rename the. If the Inbox repair tool spots any errors, it will prompt you to initiate the repair process to fix them.įor. Open the " Options" dialog to choose the scan options and click " Start" when you are done. If you have Outlook 2013 installed, it will be C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\OFFICE15.ĭouble-click Scanpst.exe and click " Browse" to select the. ![]() You can do this by closing Outlook then opening up the Windows Explorer and navigate to the C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Office\root\Office16 folder if you are using Outlook 2016. ost) and automatically repair damaged parts and errors. If you are using POP or IMAP account then you can use the Inbox repair tool (Scanpst.exe), which is included with Outlook installation, to scan your Outlook data files (.pst or. pst, If you have an Office 365 or Exchange mail account then most likely the data file is. If you are using a mail account hosted on Gmail, Bell or any other HTTP web based mail account then your data file is. Sometimes the issue is the corruption of mail data file. Most of the reliable and trusted security software vendors do care about compatibility with Microsoft Office applications and Outlook. This is one of the troubleshooting step to turn off Antivirus and Anti-Malware software temporarily to verify if it is not the cause of the problem. Sometimes the Antivirus and Anti-Malware software has issues with the Outlook. Double click on the pst-file or ost-file that you want to shrink.click on File > Account Settings > Account Settings > tab: Data Files.To do this, go to File > Options > Advanced and select Disable Hardware Graphics Acceleration. You can try disabling this option in Outlook and see if this helps. I found that many users having issues with Outlook 2013 & 2016 are often advised to disable hardware graphics acceleration. If Outlook doesn’t start in Safe Mode, the problem isn’t with add-ins and proceed with the below steps in the articles. Restarting the Outlook (not in safe mode this time) to find the culprit Add-in. If Outlook starts in Safe Mode, disable the application add-ins and COM add-ins one at a time by going to the Filetab, click " Options", choose " Add-ins" and click Go. If the above steps fix your issue, the problem was most likely with one of your add-ins. ![]() ![]()
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